I have an iMac (late 2015) which originally came installed with MacOS Sierra. When the new owner turns on the Mac, the Setup Assistant will guide them through the setup process.Įrror reinstalling MacOS Sierra - iMac Need help with reinstalling MacOS Sierra Instead, press Command-Q to shut down the Mac. If you want to leave the Mac in an out-of-box state, don't continue with the setup of the system. If you are planning to sell or give your computer away, then do the following: After you reformat your hard drive and reinstall OS X, the computer restarts to a Welcome screen and asks you to choose a country or region.Proceed with the OS X installation and follow the directions included with the installer. When the formatting has finished quit Disk Utility.Set the number of partitions to one (1) from the Partitions drop down menu, click on Options button and select GUID, click on OK, then set the format type to MacOS Extended (Journaled), then click on the Apply button. After Disk Utility loads select the hard drive entry from the left side list (out-dented entry - mfgr.'s ID and drive size.) Click on the Partition tab in the Disk Utility main window. When the menu bar appears select Disk Utility from the Utilities' menu. After the installer loads select your language and click on the Continue button.Release the key when you see a small spinning gear appear below the dark gray Apple logo. After the chime press and hold down the " C" key. Insert the disk into the optical drive and restart the computer. Boot the computer using the Snow Leopard Installer Disk or the Disk 1 that came with your computer.At Step 5 you will need a Snow Leopard DVD or the installer disc that came with the computer. Factory Reset Your Pre-Lion Mac Follow these instructions until you get to Step 6 of Factory reset of your Mac - Apple Support. Factory reset of your Mac - Apple Supportī. These models shipped with Software Restore disks when new.Ī. Selection B is for Macs that came originally with Snow Leopard or earlier. These models had no disks included when new. Selection A should be used on computers that came with Lion or later when factory new. Thank you for your understanding and support.įollow the instructions here: What to do before you sell, give away, or trade in your Mac. These forums only provide help with Apple products. if you need to contact Apple Support, then contact product and tech support: Contacting Apple for support and service including international calling numbers. Think about what you want to say before you write it down, then re-read it to see if it makes sense.įYI: These are user-only forums. Include your hardware information and installed version of macOS. We only know what you write down and tell us. We are not mind-readers nor clairvoyants. Please read Writing an effective Apple Support Communities question.
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Java Chip Ice Cream – Fresh espresso and dark chocolate chunks flavor this Java Chip Ice Cream recipe. Strawberry Shortcake Ice Cream – Of all the strawberry shortcake ice cream recipes we tested, this one is the absolute best! This Philadelphia style churned Strawberry Shortcake ice cream is creamy and sweet with the perfect amount of crunchy cookie add-ins.īanoffee Pie Ice Cream – The perfect flavors of sweet bananas and buttery toffee combined to create Banoffee pie ice cream.įrench Silk Ice Cream – A rich chocolate ice cream with a French style custard base is swirled with a fluffy vanilla mousse to create this delicious homemade French silk ice cream This French silk ice cream is naturally gluten-free and nut-free. This French style churned ice cream recipe uses an egg custard base to create a rich, creamy, delicious black raspberry treat. Pumpkin Spice Ice Cream – Pumpkin Spice Ice Cream is a favorite seasonal treat! Make your own pumpkin spice ice cream easily, in your ice cream maker, whenever you’re in the mood for it.īlack Raspberry Ice Cream – Black raspberry ice cream is a sweet, fruity ice cream flavor that so many people love. Melon Ice Cream – A flavor that you aren’t likely to find in a grocery store, Melon Ice cream is a fruity, fresh, and delicious gourmet ice cream flavor that you can make at home. Creamy, silky, pumpkin pie ice cream is swirled with crisp gingersnap cookies to make this recipe extra special. It’s one of our favorite homemade ice cream recipes.Īnd speaking of favorite ice cream recipes, Mississippi Mud Ice Cream holds all of the deliciousness you’d expect from a Mississippi Mud pie, including cookies, chocolate, coffee, and cream.ĭelicious and seasonal, Pumpkin Pie Ice cream is a traditional, French-style, churned ice cream recipe that’s perfect for fall so we couldn’t leave it out of our list of favorite homemade ice cream recipes. This traditionally churned, Toasted Almond Ice cream recipe features a rich, creamy base flavored with toasted almonds, and a crunchy texture from even more toasted almonds. This ice cream is made with a creamy custard base, chopped nuts, and has the perfect amount of sweetness. It’s a traditional ice cream flavor that comes with lots of nostalgia. Next up on our list of favorite ice cream recipes is Pistachio Ice Cream. It’s a rich, creamy, French-style churned ice cream featuring the bold, nutty flavor of a special ingredient, wild black walnuts, but you can use regular walnuts if you like. To start off our list of favorite ice cream recipes, we’re sharing this homemade Black Walnut Ice Cream. Here’s a collection of our favorite ice cream recipes: Because it is made by using frozen fruits, sugar and water (also called sweetened water), it’s light in texture. Although it’s not considered an ice cream because it doesn’t have any milk-fat, it is a delicious frozen treat and it’s a great option for those that can’t have dairy. Sorbet is frozen treat that contains little to no dairy (depending on the sorbet). Sorbet – Again, it’s not ice cream but we want to include it. It usually has less milk fat and it’s stored at a higher temperature than ice cream. Soft Serve Ice Cream – Soft serve ice cream is a style of ice cream where air is introduced during freezing, making it softer than traditional churned ice cream. This is one of the simplest ways to make ice cream and it’s perfect for when you want to switch up flavors with add-ins. No-churn using sweetened condensed milk – You can also make a Philadelphia style ice cream using sweetened condensed milk in place of the sugar and some of the milk fat. It can be made in an ice cream maker, or without, using a few simple steps. Philadelphia Style – Philadelphia style ice cream is simply ice cream made without eggs. Custard based ice cream uses a combination of milk, cream, eggs, and sugar, and is first cooked then frozen. There are several types of ice cream but we’re going to cover the ones we use to make homemade ice cream.Ĭustard Based – Traditionally, many ice cream recipes begin with an egg custard. The higher the fat, the creamier the texture. Homemade Ice Cream Recipes Homemade Ice Creamįirst off, for a frozen treat to be qualified as ice cream, the mixture used to make the ice cream must be no less than 10% milkfat. Qualitative research has been conducted in Democratic Republic of Congo (Grassivaro Gallo, Mbuyi & Bertoletti, 2010), Lesotho (Khau, 2012), Malawi (Grassivaro Gallo, Moro & Manganoni, 2009 Pétursdóttir, 2010), Mozambique (Bagnol & Mariano, 2008, 2012), Rwanda (Koster & Price, 2008 Fusaschi, 2010, 2012), and Uganda (Grassivaro Gallo & Villa, 2006 Martínez Pérez & Namulondo, 2011). The most commonly cited motivations reported by those who practice it are that it is a requisite for marriage, a socializing rite of passage that determines entrance into womanhood, and a physical feature that enhances sexual pleasure (Grassivaro Gallo & Villa, 2006 Koster & Price, 2008 Fusaschi, 2010, 2012 Martínez Pérez & Namulondo, 2011 Bagnol & Mariano, 2012 Martínez Pérez, Tomáz Aznar & Bagnol, 2013).Ģ Within the last decade, authors from the fields of social science, psychology or anthropology have conducted research with the aim to learn how women perceive LME, how it is performed, and what are the motivations that drive its practice. Their paternal aunts, grandmothers or their female peers instruct them. Traditionally, young girls start elongating their labia before they reach menarche. Stretching is complete when the desired length, which usually ranges from 2 to 5 inches, is reached (Martínez Pérez, Tomás Aznar & Bagnol, 2013). This vaginal practice involves the manual stretching of the inner folds of the external genitalia, the labia minora, and sometimes the clitoris, often with the aid of certain oils, crèmes and utensils. LME is common among women of some linguistic groups in easthern and southern Africa (Grassivaro Gallo & Villa, 2006 Martínez Pérez & Namulondo, 2011 Martínez Pérez, Tomás Aznar & Bagnol, 2013). One of the vaginal practices that women engage in is labia minora elongation (hereafter LME). The motivations to engage in vaginal practices are diverse and range from beautifying the genitals, improving hygiene and personal grooming, medicinal practices and health, and preparing for sexual intercourse. Topo da páginaġ Many women in sub-Saharan Africa practice a wide array of traditional body modifications and vaginal practices. No entanto serão necessárias mais pesquisas para compreender melhor o papel do alongamento dos pequenos lábios na sexualidade e na aceitação de métodos de prevenção contra o HIV/DST. Os resultados mostram que o alongamento dos pequenos lábios é reconhecido no Zimbábue como uma prática que aumenta o prazer sexual para ambos os parceiros, e que não prejudica a saúde das mulheres. Foram recolhidos dados sobre a percepção dos homens acerca do procedimento, as motivações, a sua relevância para o casamento e para a vida sexual, e as suas implicações em termos de saúde. Esta análise tem por base um estudo qualitativo realizado em Chitungwiza, Harare, em 2012. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os conhecimentos, as atitudes e as perceções de homens zimbabueanos residentes em meios urbanos relativamente ao alongamento dos pequenos lábios. Esta prática não tem sido investigada em profundidade no Zimbábue. O alongamento dos pequenos lábios vaginais (labia minora) é praticado por algumas mulheres zimbabueanas antes de atingirem a fase menstrual. This doesn't mean absolutely everything, though: "However, some things will autonomously happen, no matter what, like for instance, your character dying of hunger if you locked them in an empty room between four walls". This is quite the departure from the more managerial style of EA's The Sims franchise, as those who want a more manual level of control can revert back: "Players will have the ability to turn off the autonomy in the options menu, if they prefer to control every single interaction their Parafolks do". Characters will also die if they are not fed regularly / do not feed themselves. This includes the ability for your characters to go to work, find new activities, and even use the bathroom. As revealed in a new Patreon post by the development team, stated how: "Your characters will be able to decide to perform some interactions on their own". While there's no release date for that yet, you can support its ongoing development via Patreon.If you're a fan of life simulations then Paralives can be considered one of the bigger upcoming games in the genre as a major rival to the behemoth that is The Sims 4. Paralives was officially announced in 2019, and is planned for an early access release on Steam. Damn, Paralives, can you program me with some of that?Īnd, most importantly, in time-honoured life sim fashion, the new footage confirms that while Parafolk won't be directly murderable, you will be able to trap them inside a room, remove all exits, and watch them starve to death. They'll also hopefully be a bit better at heading out to work on time and choosing a fun activity to engage them when they're bored. It looks as though a peckish Paraperson with the power to make autonomous decisions will initially grab a light snack rather than electing to cook a full meal, leaving the serious business of dinner plans firmly in your department. The game currently does not have an estimated release date, nor an estimate. Paralives gives you the ability to create 'parafolk', build and manage their homes, and explore a open world full of things to do and people to meet. Doing one thing over and over and over again, each time being a little better than the last. Paralives is an upcoming single-player life simulation video game, due to be released for Windows and Mac through Steam. This process is done multiple times until ready, which is called iterating. However, Paralives aims to improve a tad on its characters' overall intelligence in comparison to The Sims. Now the devs need to make sure the design fits into the engine and looks and behaves appropriately. This, incidentally, represents a different approach from what we've seen of other major Sims rival Life By You, which insists on letting the AI take control in most cases when you're not playing as a given character. Roll on the inevitable comparisons to The Sims, then: Paralives' autonomy system shares its basic DNA with that of EA's life sim giant, in that you can customise the level of autonomy enjoyed by your little computer people to suit your preferences. The footage and accompanying dev post were originally released to Patrons in late May, but Paralives Studio have now let the general public in for a first look: No sooner had Tiny Life rolled out a significant content update, than Paralives shared a 30 second teaser video with a first-look at the game's death and autonomy systems. It's been a busy week for indie competitors aiming to take some of the shine off of The Sims 4's life sim crown. There are also some ideologies that share or resemble the name of an IRL ideology, but their tenets may be either slightly or completely different, or twisted into some unrecognizable abomination. The ideological development represented here doesn't work retroactively, so some variants of ideologies like 'Reformist Anarchism' that are in the 'Yellow Ideologies' category are not shown, since anarchism originated later in the Argentist section and the variant arose much later. If there is an ideology that you want to know more about, just ask away! Contrary to most other 'meme ideology icebergs', these are not just random words with '-ism' attached to them, but rather they all have coherent tenets and even some history behind them. It also roughly shows the year when each 'wave' of ideologies started manifesting and how long they remained prominent. It is because of this 'in-world' perspective that some normal IRL ideologies are labelled as 'crazy', and some normal in-world ideologies don't exist IRL, etc. I actually find the 'iceberg meme format' useful in intuitively visualizing abstract concepts and layers of complexities, so this isn't actually intended as a meme at all. This is a visualization of the chronological development of ideologies in Elron (my world's name), integrated with how the average person views them. We also encourage users to register an account. (#worldbuilding on :6667, or 6697 for SSL) Looking for more active discussion? We have live chat communities that are active just about 24/7! Make sure to read the chat rules first Discord Server Snoonet IRC Channel There is also a curated list of resources compiled via Discord. Remember to check out the wiki for lots of resources and tips on starting out! Unsure why context is important? Consider reading our Why Context? essay. Full Subreddit Rules Modmail ResourcesĮvery post needs context! Consider using our context template to get started. We have high standards for on-topicness, respect of other people and respect for creative effort. This subreddit is about sharing your worlds, discovering the creations of others, and discussing the many aspects of creating new universes. For artists, writers, gamemasters, musicians, programmers, philosophers and scientists alike! The creation of new worlds and new universes has long been a key element of speculative fiction, from the fantasy works of Tolkien, Le Guin and Howard, to the science-fiction universes of Burroughs, Delany and Asimov, and to the tabletop realm of Gygax, Barker and Greenwood, and beyond. Where Netflix is stronger is with animation options for kids. For adults, cartoon options include the highly acclaimed animated series like Bojack Horseman, along with Big Mouth, and extensive coverage of anime series such as Castlevania, High-Rise Invasion, Dragon’s Dogma, and much more. Netflix is arguably the biggest streaming service out there, but when it comes to animation and cartoon options, it’s a little less of a heavyweight than others. Netflix Image used with permission by copyright holder Sign up for the Disney+ Bundle and there’s also the option of Disney+, Hulu, and ESPN+ for just $14 per month. Alternatively, you can pay $6 per month for Hulu (ad-supported), or $12 per month for no ads. Alternatively, add Starz for $9 per month and get access to Inside Out, Frozen, and many other popular Disney movies. Thanks to access to Cartoon Network, you get plenty of additional options including Adventure Time, The Powerpuff Girls, and Steven Universe.įinally, add on the HBO Max add-on for $15 per month and you can include South Park, along with a selection of kids’ movies to your streaming collection. Kids content includes some big names like the Shrek movies, Rio, Teen Titans Go!, Ben 10, and more. It’s a hugely nostalgic catalog of options. Yup, besides the zany antics of the Animaniacs, there’s also room for Pinky and the Brain, Tiny Toon Adventures, and even Thundercats. Loved the wackiness of cartoons in the 1990s? You’re going to love the next thing we say - Animaniacs. Like Disney+, it also has The Simpsons with new episodes added faster on this service than the House of Mouse alternative. Included in your subscription fee is access to all of American Dad, Archer, Bob’s Burger, Family Guy, Futurama, King of the Hill, and much more. Hulu is keen to stress its extensive adult animation content offering possibly the best variety out of all the streaming services. Whatever age group you’re looking for, there’s something for you here. Like Amazon Prime Video, Hulu has a very diverse selection of cartoons and animations. Hulu Image used with permission by copyright holder There’s a one-month free trial to get you started. Alternatively, you can pay $119 per year for everything, working out as the best value overall. A better value proposition is to sign up to Amazon Prime for $13 per month and gain extra perks such as free two-day delivery along with unlimited reading and music streaming via Kindle Unlimited and Amazon Music. It’s possible to subscribe to Amazon Prime Video alone for $9 per month. You can even introduce them to Looney Tunes via this service too. Other anime includes Vinland Saga, Wotakoi: Love is Hard for Otaku, and many more, making Amazon Prime Video a solid choice for anime lovers.Īlongside that is extensive cartoon content for your little ones such as Peppa Pig, Dora the Explorer, and Garfield. Keen on more mature fare? There’s always Avatar: The Last Airbender or Sonic X for you to binge-watch. It’s a great way to kick back and relax, forgetting the adult world for a time. If you’re keen for something a bit more familiar, however, Amazon Prime Video is also the home of Spongebob Squarepants - a familiarly surreal hit for everyone of a certain age. One of the most recent standout animations on the service is Invincible - an Amazon Original show about 17-year-old Mark Grayson, a boy whose father is the most powerful superhero on the planet, and who is developing his own powers as he grows up. We’re not entirely sure if there’s one area that’s Amazon Prime Video’s strength but with so much variety, it doesn’t entirely matter. There’s no Disney+ free trial for it right now but it works out as great value if you’re a keen cartoons watcher, especially if you also want to dabble in other types of TV or movie content from time to time.Īmazon Prime Video Image used with permission by copyright holderĪmazon Prime Video offers a fairly diverse range of animation options among the best shows on Amazon. Want to watch the latest Disney movies? Disney+ Premier Access means you can choose to buy titles like Raya and the Last Dragon ahead of its Disney+ release too.ĭisney+ costs $8 per month or $80 per year. Ranked: The best Leonardo DiCaprio moviesĭisney+ is also home of The Simpsons so you can spend hours binge-watching the near countless number of the best Simpsons episodes of everyone’s favorite dysfunctional family. 10 shows like The Mandalorian to watch now In the absence of one, he calls on mothers to stay strong, even when they are struggling, because eventually things will change. Here, Tupac promotes a two parent family. Hell of a hand without a man, feeling helplessīecause there’s too many things for you to deal withĭying inside, but outside you’re looking fearless” Wants to know why his daddy don’t love him no more Thank the Lord for my kids, even if nobody else want emĬause I think we can make it, in fact, I’m sureĪnd if you fall, stand tall and comeback for moreĬause ain’t nothing worse than when your son I know it’s kinda rough and you’re feelin all aloneĭaddy’s long gone and he left you by ya lonesome “To all the ladies having babies on they own He makes a connection between negative perceptions of the youth and the larger societal forces that create inequality. In this verse, Tupac addresses the government’s role in perpetuating poverty among people of color. Say there ain’t no hope for the youth and the truth is They got money for wars, but can’t feed the poor “You know it’s funny when it rains it pours He also asks women and children to “keep ya head up” though our society makes it difficult to survive in a one parent family. After presenting this contradiction, he specifically calls on men of color to treat their women and children with respect. In this verse, Tupac addresses the contradictory perceptions of women in culture. Why we rape our women, do we hate our women?” Got our name from a woman and our game from a woman When brothers make babies, and leave a young mother to be a pappy “You know it makes me unhappy (what’s that) Her death is cited as one of the causes of the LA riots in 1992. The song is dedicated to Latasha Harlins, a fifteen-year-old woman shot and killed by a shop owner in LA. I chose Tupac Shakur’s “Keep Ya Head Up” because delivers a positive message to one of the most oppressed groups in the US: poor, black women. Rap music provides many critiques of our world, especially as they relate to race, money, gender, and forms of criminal activity. I was drawn towards choosing a rap song for this week’s ethical analysis. After changing the gender pronouns, the song seems humorous and unrealistic. For example, if we were to take David Guetta’s “Sexy Chick” (at least that’s the name of the edited version). What happens when you switch “he” and “she” pronouns in a song (this is called the Willis test)? Does it still send the same message? Usually it doesn’t due to gender differences that result from sexism and misogyny. It’s sick.One can learn quite a bit about societal perceptions of gender roles through listening to music. But Johnny depp is a malignant narcissist, a man, and wealthy as all get out. Vilified and not believed, regardless of what any abuse survivor could recognize as a fellow survivor instantly. While the last thing survivors need is more blame, our society supports a narrative that blames the objectively innocent party because the blatantly guilty party has spent their entire lives fabricating a persona and we’re just being human, and human psychology is quite counterintuitive especially in the context of trauma. Never actually understand, even if they try, because all they see is you, on fire, screaming about the arsonist that no one ever sees, and who has been spreading lies about your alleged mental instability, deceptive personality, etc. Anyways, I especially relate to her midnights becoming afternoons, complex PTSD often leads to this phenomenon, whether due to purposeful sleep deprivation by the abuser, or just hyper vigilance associated with the PTSD, along with the fear of facing people, especially your loved ones, who funny how you say the words domestic violence, abuse, abuse survivor and boom the subject changes. The abuser has no anxieties, no emotional pain, or salience/memory for that matter, so the survivor appears to be the crazy one, obsessed with the abuse and that buzzword that seems to ignite arguments about diagnosing people without a degree, etc. I believe this is another amazingly on point and nuanced commentary on the insanity that follows emotionally abusive relationships. Baby don't cry, I hope you got your head up If your camera lacks a USB cable, you will be able to purchase it from any vendor you want. It’s simple to connect Windows 10 to a canon camera with our USB cable method. Canon cameras are compatible with the Windows 10 operating system in a variety of ways. Keep reading if you want to learn more about this process. This has been shared in an elaborate manner. Direct USB cables can be connected via wireless connectivity, an SD card, or a wireless connection. The three most common methods of connecting your canon camera to your laptop are through the power cord, through the microphone, and through the keyboard. Your computer should recognize the camera and prompt you to download the necessary software. Once you have the cable, plug one end into your camera and the other end into your laptop. To connect your DSLR to your laptop, you will need to purchase a USB cable that is compatible with your camera. How Do I Connect My Dslr To My Laptop?Ĭredit: With DSLR tethering, you can easily send photos to friends and family or post them online for everyone to see. Furthermore, because the camera is always connected to a computer, you don’t need to worry about battery life. You can organize and secure your photos in your DSLR with the use of a tether. Dslr Tethering: The Ultimate Photo Solution SofortBild is compatible with Nikon DSLRs on Mac. Panasonic LUMIX is supported by a USB tether as well as a USB port on Windows. The Lightroom Plug-in for Adobe Lightroom supports FujiFilm cameras.Ĭapture plug-in that is tethered to Lightroom and can be used to capture images. Canon, FujiFilm, Nikon, Sony, Nikon, and Sony will all work with Windows, Mac, Linux, and Android. Nikon and Canon DSLRs work with Android and iOS devices. The Air Remote Mobile Tether App enables you to transfer data between your mobile phone and a remote air station. Canon, FujiFilm, Nikon, Olympus, Panasonic, and Sony digital cameras are all supported by Cascable Transfer on Mac. A free software package that you may already have on hand is one option, as are super-charged programs that combine all of your post-production needs into a single package. Software for DSLR cameras that can be tethered to it. This can be handy when you want to take long exposures or do other types of photography that require more precise control. Tethering allows you to see what the camera sees on your computer screen, and also lets you control the camera settings from the computer. This can be done via a USB cable, or wirelessly. What Is Dslr Tethering?ĭSLR tethering is the process of connecting your DSLR camera to a computer so that you can control the camera from the computer. For tethering software, it is recommended to use Adobe Lightroom, Canon EOS Utility 3, and LUMIX Tether. Digital camera vendors are expected to sell 128.17 million units in 2025. If you use a good shutter speed, you will get a good white balance on your computer screen. Because tethering is used to preview RAW file images on a large screen, you can determine which ones are worth preserving. Before you begin tethering, ensure that the tethering software is installed on your computer. All digital cameras can only be tethered to a purpose-built software system, such as Adobe Lightroom or LUMIX Tether. You can connect the camera to a computer with the help of Wi-Fi it depends on which Wi-Fi network you use. There are several general guidelines for the tethering process in the section below. The process will differ depending on the camera on your digital device and the device you are tethering to. Photographers often attach their cameras to their computers while shooting. Once the folder is selected, the tethering process will begin and the images will be saved to your computer as they are taken. The software will typically prompt you to select a folder on your computer where the images will be saved. Once the camera is connected, you will need to launch the software that came with the camera in order to start the tethering process. In order to tether a DSLR to a PC, you will need to connect the camera to the computer using a USB cable. Tarantulas and orb-weaving spiders were the second and third most common snake hunting families, respectively. Members of the so-called widow family of spiders-especially the Australian redback, the African button spider, Israeli and Iranian widow spiders as well as four North American species-are the most prolific snake-killers, comprising about half of the study’s documented cases, reports Jennifer Ouellette for Ars Technica. “But for me, this is like my wonderland.” Eight legs against zero legs,” Emily Taylor, a snake biologist at California Polytechnic State University who was not involved in the study, tells National Geographic. “For most people in the world, this would be their worst nightmare. But for a large meal as large as a snake, the spider might need days or even weeks to finish eating, according to National Geographic.Ī juvenile Eastern garter snake stuck in a brown widow web in Douglas, Georgia. Per Asher Jones for Science News, the redback traps snakes using its crisscrossing, disorganized-looking web of sticky silk and then rushes in to inject its deadly venom.Īs in many spiders, the venom also starts the process of digesting the snake’s insides, which the spider then sucks out. I was surprised that so many different snake species are occasionally killed by spiders.”Ĭonsider the Australian redback spider, also known as the Australian black widow: Females of this highly venomous species are less than a half-inch long, yet they are known to kill and eat young eastern brown snakes, themselves one of the most venomous snakes in the world. “I was surprised that so many different spider groups are capable of killing and eating snakes. “I was surprised that snake-eating by spiders can be found on all continents (except Antarctica),” study author Martin Nyffeler, a spider researcher at the University of Basel in Switzerland, tells National Geographic. As for the snakes getting caught on the wrong end of this ecological equation, the scaly victims hailed from more than 90 different species. The behavior is rare, but not as rare as one would think-a study published in May in the Journal of Arachnology says there are at least 40 species of spiders from 11 families that are known to feast on serpents. Spiders around the world are capable of ensnaring and devouring snakes many times their size, reports Jason Bittel for National Geographic. Each round was timed, and the person who finished the problem the quickest was crowned the winner.Īlthough it was an exciting event, many competitors admitted to feeling under a lot of strain, particularly at the thought of competing against others and representing their nations. Twenty nations took part in the inauguration of these championships, which were held in Lucca, Italy. Individuals and teams solve over 100 riddles to determine the global champion. The World Sudoku Championship is a global contest, with annual competitions conducted by different nations. 1 logic puzzle in the world, according to a 2005 assessment by the World Puzzle Federation. Its propensity for problem-solving led many people worldwide to rank it as the No. There is already a Sudoku World Championship Competition today. There are approximately (with a relative error of 0.065) 3.10 1037 minimal puzzles and 2.55 1025 nonessential identical minimal puzzles, as shown by statistical methods and a puzzle generator. The number of minimum 99 Sudoku problems is unknown, although the number of full Sudoku grids is known. After accounting for symmetries like rotation, reflection, permutation, and relabeling, it has been proven that there are only 5,472,730,538 fundamentally distinct solutions (sequence A109741 in the OEIS). Other grid sizes have also been included please go to the primary page for further information. About 1.2106 times as many 99 Latin squares as that. Most Sudoku variations have the same upper bound for all Latin squares.Īpproximately 6.671021, or 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960, are possible grid configurations for the basic 99 Sudoku puzzle (sequence A107739 in the OEIS). This is the maximum number of clues that can be provided without rendering a unique solution (four short of an entire grid), which is 77. If two instances of two numbers are missing from cells occupying the corners of an orthogonal rectangle and precisely two cells are within one region, the numbers can be assigned two ways. There are Sudokus with 18 clues and rotational symmetry, and at least one Sudoku with 18 clues, two-way diagonal symmetry, and automorphism has been discovered. Japanese fans have discovered most of the over 49,000 Sudokus using 17 clues. In January 2012, it was established that a valid Sudoku requires at most 17 clues, and in September 2013, it was reaffirmed. When given a piecemeal 9-coloring graph, the goal is to complete that 9-coloring. Recasting a Sudoku puzzle as a coloring issue for a graph is possible. Most 99 problems can be solved rapidly by computers using algorithms like backtracking and dancing links, but these methods reach their limitations when n rises due to combinatorial explosion. It is well-known that the NP-completeness of the general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n2n2 grids of nn blocks. It has been shown that a first-order formula that does not include blocks is valid for Sudoku if and only if it is valid for Latin squares hence the connection between the two theories is clear. When discussing traditional Sudoku here, variations like jigsaw and hyper are not considered.Ĭompleted Sudoku grids are a subset of Latin squares with the added characteristic that no nine-block (or nine-box) configuration has any repetitions of the same value. The first World Sudoku Championship took place in Italy in 2006, and the 2013 edition will be in Beijing. Sudoku has spread over the globe in the last ten years. The Conway (New Hampshire) Daily Sun was the first American newspaper to print Sudoku puzzles in 2004, and The Times of London started publishing them in 2005. He rapidly became a passionate Sudoku aficionado and spent the next six years creating computer software that could produce Sudoku problems. Additionally, given that millions of Japanese people travel long distances for work or school by train or bus and must pass the time while waiting for the next stop, it is no surprise that they like solving puzzles.Ī New Zealand judge by the name of Wayne Gould, who was on vacation in Tokyo in March 1997 when he found Sudoku in a bookshop, is credited for bringing Sudoku “back” to the West. This is one of the reasons why Sudoku puzzles are so adored there. Since crossword puzzles in the Japanese language don’t function very well, Sudoku puzzles were much more successful in Japanese society. |
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